新托福题型解析
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课程详情
新托福题型解析
· 课程介绍:
一、推理题的标志
推理题的题干中一般含有infer,imply,mostlikely,leastlikely,probably等词,分为有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题两大类。
二、推理题的做法
对于无共性的推理题,也就是题干中无线索的,一般使用排除法,即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位,通过排除法得出正确答案。
对于有共性的推理题,也就是题干中有线索的,建议考生可以先圈定题干中的关键词,根据关键词回原文定位,然后进行推理。推理题主要有下列思路:
1.一般对比推理
ETS设计推理题的手段不多,根据两个事物的对比特征出题是其中。问其中一个事物的特征时,只要将与之形成对比的另一个事物的特征否定掉就可以了。例如:
Itshouldbeobviousthatcetaceans,whales,porpoises,anddolphinsaremammals.Theybreathethroughlungs,notthroughgills,andgivebirthtoliveyoung.Theirstreamlinedbodies,theabsenceofhindlegs,andthepresenceofaflukeandblowholecannotdisguisetheiraffinitieswithland-dwellingmammals.However,unlikethecasesofseaottersandpinnipeds(seals,sealions,andwalruseswhoselimbsarefunctionalbothonlandandatsea),itisnoteasytoenvisionwhatthefirstwhaleslookedlike.
Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph1aboutearlyseaotters?
A.Itisnotdifficulttoimaginewhattheylookedlike.
B.Thereweregreatnumbersofthem.
C.Theylivedintheseaonly.
D.Theydidnotleavemanyfossilremains.
2.时间对比推理
这种思路常被考到。在这种推理中,一般有两个形成对比的时间段,它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时,只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。
例一:
BasictoanyunderstandingofCanadainthe20yearsaftertheSecondWorldWaristhecountrysimpressivepopulationgrowth.
ItappearedthatCanadawasoncemorefallinginstepwiththetrendtowardsmallerfamiliesthathadoccurredallthroughtheWesternworldsincethetimeoftheIndustrialRevolution.
ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatbeforetheIndustrialRevolution
(A)familieswerelarger.
(B)populationstatisticswereunreliable.
(C)thepopulationgrewsteadily.
(D)economicconditionswerebad.
例二:
Accustomedthoughwearetospeakingofthefilmsmadebefore1927assilent,thefilmhasneverbeen,inthefullsenseoftheword,silent.Fromtheverybeginning,musicwasregardedasanindispensableaccompaniment;whentheLumierefilmswereshownatthefirstpublicfilmexhibitionintheUnitedStatesinFebruary1896,theywereaccompaniedbypianoimprovisationsonpopulartunes.Atfirst,themusicplayedborenospecialrelationshiptothefilms;anaccompanimentofanykindwassufficient.Withinaveryshorttime,however,theincongruityofplayinglivelymusictoasolemnfilmbecameapparent,andfilmpianistsbegantotakesomecareinmatchingtheirpiecestothemoodofthefilm.
Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassageaboutthemajorityoffilmsmadeafter1927?
(A)Theyweretrulysilent.
(B)Theywereaccompaniedbysymphonicorchestras.
(C)Theyincorporatedthesoundoftheactorsvoices.
(D)Theycorrespondedtospecificmusicalcompositions.
例三:
Thenineteenthcenturybroughtwithitaburstofnewdiscoveriesandinventionsthatrevolutionizedthecandleindustryandmadelightingavailabletoall.Intheearly-to-mid-nineteenthcentury,aprocesswasdevelopedtorefinetallow(fatfromanimals)withalkaliandsulfuricacid.Theresultwasaproductcalledstearin.Stearinisharderandburnslongerthanunrefinedtallow.Thisbreakthroughmeantthatitwaspossibletomaketallowcandlesthatwouldnotproducetheusualsmokeandrancidodor.Stearinswerealsoderivedfrompalmoils,sovegetablewaxesaswellasanimalfatscouldbeusedtomakecandles
Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph1aboutcandlesbeforethenineteenthcentury?
A.Theydidnotsmokewhentheywereburned.
B.Theyproducedapleasantodorastheyburned.
C.Theywerenotavailabletoall.
D.Theycontainedsulfuricacid.
3.集合概念推理
集合概念推理也可以称之为比推断,它指的是在一个集合中,包含两个相对的方面,共同构成一个大的集合。一方所占的比例减少意味着另一方所占比例的增加;反之,一方所占的比例增加意味着另一方所占比例的减少。根据这一思路,可以由集合中一方的数量变化推断另一方的消减。
例一:
Afolkcultureissmall,isolated,cohesive,conservative,nearlyself-sufficientgroupthatishomogeneousincustomandrace,withastrongfamilyorclanstructureandhighlydevelopedrituals.UnalteredfolkculturesnolongerexistinindustrializedcountriessuchastheUnitedStatesandCanada.
Bycontrast,apopularcultureisalargeheterogeneousgroup,oftenhighlyindividualisticandconstantlychanging.
WhatdoestheauthorimplyabouttheUnitedStatesandCanada?
(A)Theyvaluefolkcultures.
(B)Theyhavenosocialclasses.
(C)Theyhavepopularcultures.
(D)Theydonotvalueindividualism.
例二:
BoththenumberandthepercentageofpeopleintheUnitedStatesinvolvedinnonagriculturalpursuitsexpandedrapidlyduringthehalfcenturyfollowingthecivilwar,withsomeofthemostdramaticincreasesoccurringinthedomainsoftransportation,manufacturing,andtradeanddistribution.
WhatcanbeinferredfromthepassageabouttheagriculturalsectoroftheeconomyaftertheCivilWar?
(A)Newtechnologicaldevelopmentshadlittleeffectonfarmers.
(B)Thepercentageofthetotalpopulationworkinginagriculturedeclined.
(C)Manyfarmsdestroyedinthewarwererebuiltafterthewar.
(D)Farmersachievednewprosperitybecauseofbetterruraltransportation.
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